A request by @verdeviento@mander.xyz for some more info on talons.
Owls are a type of raptor. The origin of the word raptor comes from the Latin word rapere, which means “to seize.” That is because for a raptor, their feet are key to their survival. They catch their food, they’re used for grooming, and they’re the main line of defense.
Basic Anatomy
There are many differences in owl leg and foot anatomy when compared to other birds.
Owl foot and leg bones are shorter and thicker than other birds. This allows for a thicker muscular structure, even greater than that of most eagles many times greater in size. This sturdiness also helps the feet and legs withstand impacting their prey at high speed.
A is a hawk leg bone, B is an owl leg bone
Another advantage owls over other raptors is calcification of the leg tendons. This hardening occurs in areas of high stress. It allows more structural support in areas that need it and serves as a calcium reserve should a bone injury occur. These structures are called sesamoids.
Owl tendons are also arranged in a way that they are tensed when the bird is relaxed. This is the opposite of how our hands work. To grip tighter, we need to exert more and more force, but the owl just has to use energy to release its grip. This allows them to exert maximum force holding onto prey with minimal effort. It is also what lets them stay gripped to their perch when they sleep without falling off. They must consciously let go to relax their grip.
This article has some good animations on the way the tendons lock up the grip. Animated gifs work for me on Boost, but not Liftoff so I’ll just put the link here so I know everyone can look at it.
Owls are zygodactyl, meaning they have toes that are arranged in a 2 rear facing / 2 front facing, as opposed to most birds which are anisodactyl, with a 3 rear facing / 1 front facing arrangement. Owl toes are also of equal length, as opposed to having one longer toe in front. Owls do have the ability to move their fourth toe to either the front or back to allow force to be distributed in different ways.
Typical bird foot
Owl 2 by 2 grip
At the end of their toes are the talons. Owl talons are made of keratin, just like our fingernails. They have a hard outer layer and a soft inner layer, which makes them very hard, but also maintain some flexibility.
Inner and outer talon layers
Owl talons vary in size by species, but they are relatively long compared to their toe size. This increases the leverage in can apply. The Eurasian Eagle Owl has talons that can be up to 4 inches / 10 cm long.
Eurasian Eagle Owl feet
Grooming
Preening is an important part in owl grooming as it maintains the integrity of their feathers. Owls use their feet to arrange feathers, remove debris and parasites, and spread oils throughout the feathers.
Most birds have a ridge on their talons that aid in this, but the Barn Owls have evolved serrations that look and act like a comb.
Barn Owl talon
Another view
Hunting
Why do owls hunt with their feet and not their beaks? Owls have short and rather weak beaks. The tip is curved and can generate a good amount of tearing force, but it is not good for offense or defense. By using the feet, they not only have much great mechanical advantage, they also keep any danger as far from their face as possible. Owl eyes and ears are their means of locating food, so they need to keep them protected.
Owls will swoop down on prey with their talons spread to allow the maximum grabbing area possible. Many hunt at night and cant actually see their prey, so this increases the odds of being on target. The 2 by 2 toe arrangement allows maximum gripping force to be evenly distributed. With the toe that can move from back to front, they can adjust their grip if they somewhat miss their mark. The undersides of the feet are also highly textured to add additional grippiness. The feet are also covered with many sensory nerves to detect vibrations in the air or on the ground, so that also helps them “see” without being able to see.
Splayed talons to increase grabbing area
Grippy surface of foot
Once they have their grip on their prey, they do not use their talons to kill like hawks or eagles do. All the combined mechanical advantage of their bones and tendons is used like a hydraulic press to finish off their prey. Most eagles and hawks have much less grip strength because they do use their talons to kill. A Bald Eagle only has half the grip strength of a Great Horned Owl, even though the eagle is much larger.
Owl grip strength is not to be overlooked. The Great Horned Owl is one of the strongest birds, with a grip strength approaching 500 psi / 3450 kPa. An adult human can grip around 150 psi / 1025 kPa. A pitbull bite is less than 250 psi / 1700 kPa, and only when we reach dogs the size of an English Mastiff do we reach dogs large enough to generate as much gripping force as a Great Horned Owl. To compare sizes, an adult Mastiff is over 200 pounds / 90 kg, where a GHO weighs 3 pounds / 1.4 kg.
GHO vs Mastiff size comparison
Hmm I thought of calcification of tendons as a bad thing, an evolutionary defect, or bad diet. Surprised to learn of its advantage to the owl.
I’d like to provide a better answer, but everything I’m finding is above my level of understanding.
From what I can decode, it seems to be of advantage to animals with specialized appendages, which I would consider raptor feet to be. The benefits for owls sound like 1) it adds strength and support to bones subject to significant and repeated shock while being lighter than actual bone, keeping energy expenditure for flight as low as possible, and 2) it prevents damage to the parts of the bone that grow new bone cells. The forces the feet get would normally kill off those cells that repair the bones.
Human leg geometry and the jobs our legs do are very different, so while it causes pain and swelling in us, it seems to be if benefit to a number of animals.
This article covers some various species of animals, all described as possessing specialized appendages if you want to take a shot at reading it. It seems very interesting, but these people are actual biologists, and I’m not 🤯
Secondary ossification center induces and protects growth plate structure
That’s helpful. I guess it’s like some in humans where parts of the skull and spine are cartilaginous at birth and ossify during adolescence. As I read your post on owls, it sounded more like degenerative ossification due to age and repetitive insult, such as in the knees of a carpetlayer or package car driver.
Here’s an image that I think shows what it’s talking about. This is essentially the equivalent of the bird’s finger bone. Looks like it starts off as three bones that are somewhat cartilaginous and by maturity is fused into one bone.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292981174/figure/fig5/AS:391368338886658@1470320891110/Tarsometatarsus-of-basal-birds-and-its-fusion-sequence-in-living-birds-A-B.png
The blue colored sections do sound like what they were referring to in that article. Nice pic!
Nope, this only seems to be listed as an advantage. The other example I saw was giraffe horns. When they’re born, they’re soft cartilage, and then they harden with age.
The usage seems to be key. You wouldn’t want to be a construction worker with bird bones, but a bird wouldn’t be able to stand, let alone fly, with big thick bones.
This is part of what is so well done about your post. There are so many surprises and misconceptions illuminated (at least for me who doesn’t know much about owls). Thickened leg bones, weak beaks, rotatable talons, how can this be? Thanks again for this post.
I learned so much making it, and I cut a bunch off stuff out because there is just so much.
The weak beak was a bit of a surprise for me also. Even for defense, the priority goes fly away, feet, wings, and maaaaybe beak as a last resort, but it’s so short and down turned it isn’t much good for fighting.
The toe being so thumb-like was the big shock for me. I always wondered about it in photos where toes were in different arrangements, but that it has that much mobility was a huge surprise.